Scholars Call for Reexamination of ECHR Judgment on Genocide Denial Case

Highlight ‘Historical and Conceptual Inaccuracies’ in Court Decision

BOSTON, Mass. (A.W.)–Concerned genocide scholars issued an open letter highlighting  “historical and conceptual inaccuracies” in the European Court’s decision on Dogu Perinçek v. Switzerland, and called on the government of Switzerland to request a reexamination of the Court’s judgment.

Below is the full text of the letter, released on Feb. 14.

***

An Open Letter to:
Madame la Conseillère fédérale
Simonetta Sommaruga
Cheffe du Département fédéral de justice et police (DFJP)
Palais fédéral ouest
CH-3003 Berne

After having read the European Court’s decision on Dogu Perinçek v. Switzerland (ECHR. 370, 230, 17 December, 2013) we, as concerned genocide scholars, believe it imperative to respond to historical and conceptual inaccuracies that are articulated in the decision, and we believe those inaccuracies have serious ethical and social significance.

We do not take issue with the notion of freedom of expression, something that scholars agree is most often an essential part of open, democratic society. We are, however, concerned about elements of the Court’s reasoning that are at odds with the facts about the historical record on the Armenian genocide of 1915 and at odds with an ethical understanding of denialism.

The decision asserts that: 1) “genocide as a precisely defined legal concept was not easy to prove”; 2) “the Court doubted that there could be a general consensus as to the events such as those at issue, given that the historical research was by definition open to discussion and a matter of debate, without necessarily giving rise to a final conclusion or to the assertion of objective and absolute truths”; the court uses the phrase “heated debate” in referring to the current political context surrounding the Armenian genocide.

First, it is the overwhelming conclusion of scholars who study genocide (hundreds of independent scholars, who have no affiliations with governments, and whose work spans many countries and nationalities and the course of decades) that the Ottoman mass killings of Armenians conforms to all the aspects of Article 2 of the U.N. CPPC definition of genocide.

In 1997, the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), the major body of scholars who study genocide, passed a resolution unanimously recognizing the Ottoman massacres of Armenians as genocide. The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) prepared an analysis for the Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission (TARC) in 2003, stating that “the Events [of 1915] include all of the elements of the crime of genocide as defined in the Convention (UNCPPCG).

In 2000, 100 leading Holocaust scholars signed a petition in The New York Times affirming the events of 1915 were genocide and urging worldwide recognition. An Open Letter from the IAGS to Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan, in June, 2005, enjoined the Turkish government to own up to “the unambiguous historical record on the Armenian genocide.” The only three histories of genocide in the 20th century that genocide-studies theorists (such as William Schabas) agree on are the cases of the Armenians in Turkey, in 1915; the Jews in Europe, in 1940–45; and the Tutsis in Rwanda, in 1994. The destruction of the Armenians was central to Raphael Lemkin’s creation of the concept of genocide as a crime in international law, and it was Lemkin who coined and first used the term Armenian Genocide in 1944.

The idea put forth by the Court that crimes of genocide may only apply to the events in Rwanda and at Srebrenica because they were tried at the ICC is incomplete. Crimes of genocide have been assessed as historical events by scholars for decades now, and both the crimes committed against the Armenians by the Ottoman Turks in 1915 and those committed against the Jews of Europe by the Nazis in the 1940s were deemed genocide by Lemkin. As legal scholars have noted, crimes of genocide can be tried retroactively, and William Schabas has pointed out that in the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem, in 1961, the word genocide was used retroactively to designate crimes committed against the Jews.

Further, under Article 10, “the Court clearly distinguished the present case from those concerning the negation of the crimes of the Holocaust. . . . because the acts that they had called into question had been found by an international court to be clearly established.” We would note that the perpetrators of the Holocaust were prosecuted at the Nuremberg Trials (1945–46), not for the crime of genocide, but for “crimes against humanity,” even though Raphael Lemkin had previously created the term “genocide.” The Armenian case, contrary to the Court’s assertion, does have a clear legal basis for its authenticity. First, “crimes against humanity” was the very phrase coined by France, the United Kingdom, and Russia in their 1915 joint declaration in response to the massacres of the Armenians by the Ottoman Turkish government. After WWI, the Ottoman government convened military tribunals (1919–20) to try 200 high-level members of the military and government for premeditated mass murder of the Armenian population. The ICTJ decision of 2006 also affirms such a legal basis.

The Court also decided, on the basis of Article 17 (prohibition of abuse of rights), that “The rejection of the legal characterization as ‘genocide’ of the 1915 events was not such as to incite hatred against the Armenian people.” Yet the ECtHR states (para 19) that “the negation of the Holocaust is today the principal motor of anti-Semitism.” We would note similarly that the denialism of the Armenian genocide in Turkey resulted in the assassination of Armenian Turkish journalist Hrant Dink, and has resulted in violence to others in Turkey.

In referring to the Armenian genocide as “an international lie,” Mr. Perençik reveals a level of extremism that belies all sense of judgment. We believe that the Court makes a misstep when it privileges Turkey’s denialism (a country with one of the worst records on intellectual freedom and human rights over the past decades) as a “heated debate.” As the IAGS has written in an Open Letter on denialism and the Armenian genocide (October, 2006), “scholars who deny the facts of genocide in the face of the overwhelming scholarly evidence are not engaging in historical debate, but have another agenda. In the case of the Armenian Genocide, the agenda is to absolve Turkey of responsibility for the planned extermination of the Armenians—an agenda consistent with every Turkish ruling party since the time of the Genocide in 1915. Scholars who dispute that what happened to the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in 1915 constitutes genocide blatantly ignore the overwhelming historical and scholarly evidence.”

As noted genocide scholar Deborah Lipstadt has written: “Denial of genocide whether that of the Turks against the Armenians, or the Nazis against the Jews is not an act of historical reinterpretation . . . . The deniers aim at convincing innocent third parties that there is another side of the story . . . when there is no other side.” We believe that the Court’s decision and reasoning contributes to denialism and this has a corrosive impact on efforts for truth and reconciliation, and ethics.

We believe it important that the government of Switzerland request a reexamination of the Court’s judgment in this case.

Sincerely,

Taner Akçam, Kaloosdian/Mugar Professor, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University

Margaret Lavinia Anderson; Professor of the Graduate School (Current); Professor of History emerita; University of California – Berkley

Joyce Apsel, Master Teacher of Humanities, New York University; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars

Yair Auron, head, Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel

Peter Balakian, Donald M. and Constance H. Rebar Professor of the Humanities, Colgate University

Annette Becker, Professor of History, University of Paris, Ouest Nanterre La Defense; senior member, Institut Universitaire de France

Matthias Bjornlund, archival historian; Danish Institute for Study Abroad (DIS), Copenhagen

Donald Bloxham, Professor of Modern History, University of Edinburgh

Hamit Bozarslan, Director, EHESS, Paris

Cathy Caruth, Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters, Cornell University

Frank Chalk, Professor of History; Director, Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies

Israel Charny, Past President International Association of Genocide Scholars; Director, Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, Jerusalem

Deborah Dwork, Rose Professor of History; Director of the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University

Helen Fein, Independent Scholar; former executive director of Institute for the Study of Genocide (New York)

Marcelo Flores, Professor of Comparative History; director, The European Master in Human Rights and Genocide Studies, University of Siena

Donna-Lee Frieze, Prins Senior Fellow, Center For Jewish History, New York City; Visiting Fellow, Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University, Melbourne.

Wolfgang Gust, Independent Scholar, Director armenocide.com.de Hamburg

Herbert Hirsch, Professor of Political Science, Virginia Commonwealth University; co-editor, Genocide Studies International

Marianne Hirsch, William Peterfield Trent Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Professor in the Institute for Research on Women, Gender, and Sexuality; Columbia University

Tessa Hofmann, Prof. h.c. Dr. phil, Frie Universitat Berlin, Institute for East European Studies

Richard Hovanissian, Professor Emeritus, Armenian and Near Eastern History at the University of California, Los Angeles; Distinguished Visiting Scholar at Chapman University and the University of California, Irvine

Raymond Kevorkian, Historian, University of Paris-VIII-Saint Denis

Hans-Lukas Kieser, Professor of Modern History, University of Zurich

Mark Levene, Reader in Comparative History, University of Southampton, UK

Robert Jay Lifton, MD; Distinguished Professor Emeritus, The City University of New York

Deborah Lipstadt, Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies, Emory University

Wendy Lower, John K. Roth Professor of History, Claremont McKenna College

Robert Melson, Professor Emeritus, Purdue University; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars

Donald E. Miller, Professor of Religion; Director, Center for Religion and Civic Culture, University of Southern California

A. Dirk Moses, Professor of Global and Colonial History, European University Institute, Florence and Senior Editor, Journal of Genocide Research.

James R. Russell, Mashtots Professor of Armenian Studies, Harvard University

Roger W. Smith, Professor Emeritus of Government, College of William and Mary; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars

Leo Spitzer, K.T. Vernon Professor of History Emeritus, Dartmouth College

Gregory Stanton, Research Professor in Genocide Studies and Prevention, George Mason University; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars

Yves Ternon, Historian of modern genocide, independent scholar, France

Henry C. Theriault, Professor of Philosophy, Worcester State University; Co-Editor-in-Chief, Genocide Studies and Prevention

Eric D. Weitz, Dean of Humanities and Arts and Professor of History, The City College of New York/Graduate Center

Guest Contributor

Guest Contributor

Guest contributions to the Armenian Weekly are informative articles or press releases written and submitted by members of the community.

13 Comments

  1. This is excellent. But it has to be pointed out that the ECHR court decision was discriminatory against Armenians in favor of Jews. This is because the law against denial of the Holocaust was upheld whereas the Armenian genocide law was not.
    Let us please keep in mind that whatever one thinks of the Nuremberg trials after WW2, they were held by the winners of WW 2 against the losers. That is not necessarily a fair trial, is it? They call that a trial of the victors. In contrast, in the Turkish trials, a country was trying its own people, which is the way 99.99999% of the trials in the world are held, as they should be.
    I do wish the scholars would point out that the ECHR court favored Jews over Armenians, which is morally wrong and itself is discriminatory. I do not think we should be shy about pointing this out The court erred and its judges should be impeached.

    • “the ECHR court decision was discriminatory against Armenians in favor of Jews.”

      I don’t understand how this court decision favored Jews. Did the Holocaust “favor” the Jews? I don’t think so. As to denialism, shouldn’t both the Jewish and Armenian genocides be acknowledged and not denied? Is it a sort of special favor to Jews to recognize or acknowledge the Holocaust?
      It is mere justice to acknowledge the Holocaust as well as the Armenian genocide. The court did not do justice to the Armenians and to the case of the Armenian genocide. Was that a favor to Jews — or to the Turkish regime?

      My view is that the court decision may have been influenced by pro-Islamic sentiments, but that is only a conjecture, not a proven fact.

  2. Definitely a genocide ! My G’Father who was a physician was ambushed & killed in the genocide. We lost possibly 11 other family members , too. I’m convinced this was intential genocide ! Let justice be served by all nations !

  3. There is no doubt, that this corrupted world makes money out of 1.5 million Armenian Genocide Martyrs, and fanatic Turks are willing to fill those hungry money worshipers pocket. These corrupted politicized judges, and officials, easily can deny any Genocide, or even Holocaust, for their clients selfish political needs! Shame on them.

    http://www.panorama.am/en/popular/2014/02/15/shagal/

  4. You will find the answer by following the money and trasfer of influence, these days everything are bought and sold like potatoes

  5. In French, in English (1785 people signed):
    http://www.mesopinions.com/petition/justice/negationnisme-petition-contre-arret-scelerat-cour/11217

    In English, in Armenian, in Russian (2363 people signed) :
    https://www.change.org/fr/pétitions/denialism-petition-
    against-the-rogue-decision-of-the-european-court-of-human-rights?

    In Spanish :
    http://www.change.org/es/peticiones/negacionismo-
    petición-contra-la-decisión-de-la-corte-europea-de-derechos-humanos-cedh (205 people signed)

    Total: 4353 people have already signed the petition (Armenia, London
    France, South Africa, Rhode Island, Glendale, North Hollywood, Manille, Australia, Philippines, Buenos Aires, Swizerland, Montevideo, Djavakhk, Stepanakert, Leiden, Toronto, Montreal, Montrose, Russia, Rwanda, Beyrouth …)

    Please diffuse this important petition
    Thank you to sign this petition against the rogue décision of the
    European Court of Human Rights and please send it to all the people
    you know for them to sign. This jurisdiction which has never so
    little deserved its name, decided to give reason to Dogu Perincek, the zealous and determined denier of the Armenian Genocide by proposing to condemn Switzerland for its infringement of freedom of expression!
    This petition is initiated by the Council of Coordination of Armenian Organizations of France (CCAF).

    Liliane Daronian
    Astrik Shinguidian
    Coopération Arménie

  6. The genocide of the Armenians by the Ottoman Turks is an established historical fact and is not subject to debate. My birth and presence in the USA is a consequence of the foregoing historical event.

  7. It is clear that those who deny the Armenian Genocide are either naive, or motivated by money, political considerations, or both. Only someone of low moral character and total lack of conscience would engage in such behavior.
    VN

  8. The moment today’s “poor” Armenia will slightly even whisper that there is oil somewhere under its skirt, the so called “justice servers” will be knocking at our door with their bloodied hands! Shame on all who are still thirsty for more of genocides’ victims blood!

  9. A very welcome and powerful letter.

    Regarding point 2) in the second paragraph, the wording of the English press release cited by the signatories sounds far more moderate than the correspondingl lines in the French original are.

    The French original says [formatting modified]: “La recherche historique. . . est par définition controversée et discutable puisqu’elle s’édifie autour d’affirmations et des jugements de valeur dont il est impossible de tirer la vérité objective avec une certitude absolue.” Discutable means dubious, contestable, not “open to discussion”.
    A serious distortion.

    Therefore the English translation: ” Historical research is by definition controversial and debatable since it is built around assertions and value judgments whose objective truth it is impossible to determine with absolute certainty.” A far more questionable statement than the one given in the Press Release.The Court’s statement on historical research is a fallacy and specious distraction from its maneuver to allow Perincek as much latitude as it can provide. Historical research is not controversial and debatable “by definition”. It is sometimes boring and laborious. It may sometimes arrive at conclusions that are disputed and at other times arrive at conclusions that become part of settled history. “Absolute certainty” is a nothing but a red herring.

  10. The conclusive evidence of the Ottoman genocide of the Armenian p0pulation lies in the overwhelming similarity of even the anecdotal stories and history of the survivors. Stories that I’ve heard for more then 60 years. Where were the members of my father’s family he tried to find to no avail after returning to Turkey in1919. Why did the Armenians of

    The overwhelming evidence of the genocide of the Armenian people as stated in the preceding commentary is not debatable.More than two thirds of a peaceful, cultured people destroyed.What happened to my father’s family? None survived.Why did my mother’s people of Shabin Karahisar leave their homes and fought for 26 days on the Pert against an overwhelming force of Turks and Kurds.Why is this great tragedy still with us? Yes there was a Genocide that has haunted the Armenian people for near 100 years.

    shabin

  11. My Grandfather was taken from his home in Izmir, Turkey, and murdered by the Ottoman Turks. My Grandmother dressed her young son, my Uncle, in girl’s clothing so that he would not be taken with the other Armenian young men. My Grandmother, Mother, Aunt and Uncle were taken from their home and marched by Turkish soldiers through the Syrian desert. Women and young girls were raped and tortured. My Mother saw with her own eyes Turkish soldiers cut off the breasts of nursing Mothers and impale their infants on their swords. Most on this death march died. My family survived (I am told with the help of a Turkish family, along the way). They miraculously made their way to America, shortly before their town, Izmir, was burned to the ground by the Turks, to eliminate the Christian Armenians and Greeks. I pray for the day of enlightenment on the part of a Turkish government. Peace on Earth.

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